What is the temperature on the moon?

The moon is Earth‘s closest celestial neighbor, but the two bodies are worlds apart in terms of temperature.

The moon’s temperature can reach a boiling 250° Fahrenheit (120° Celsius or 400 Kelvin) during lunar daytime at the moon’s equator, according to NASA. Lunar daytime is roughly two Earth-weeks long, since the moon takes a little less than one month – about 27.3 days – to complete one of its days, according to a study published in August 2019 by the Journal of Geophysical Research.

Lunar night time is also about two weeks long, during which the moon’s temperature plummets to -208 degrees F (-130° C, 140 K) according to NASA. In certain spots near the moon’s poles temperatures can drop even further, reaching – 424° F (- 253°C or 20 K).

Moon north pole — The Wide Angle Camera on NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter captured 983 images that make up this mosaic of the moon’s north pole. Since these images were taken when the north pole was best illuminated, the shadowy places seen here are likely permanently shadowed regions (PSRs). (Image credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University)

One reason for these dramatic extremes is that the moon has no atmosphere to insulate heat. Its lack of a gaseous blanket also means that craters and major dramatic landmarks do not erode the way they do on Earth, leaving perpetual pockets of darkness near the moon’s poles that host the moon’s most frigid temperatures.

NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) provides the best knowledge about the moon’s temperature. The mission launched in 2009 and one instrument in particular – the Diviner Lunar Radiometer – has been crucial to understanding the lunar climate.

Knowing the moon’s temperature at any given spot has different benefits. For instance, astronomers hoping to better understand its topography can glean a lot about the quantity of rocks present across the moon’s different regions by knowing an area’s temperature. This is because lunar rocks take longer to heat up and cool down than lunar soil, or regolith, which allows scientists to identify especially-rocky areas, according to NASA. This happens after other factors that influence lunar temperature are factored out of the equation, such as latitude and elevation.

Latitude plays an important role because the moon’s axis is oriented in such a way that sunlight just grazes over the lunar poles. The lunar topography at the poles is populated by non-eroding craters and crevices that produce permanently shadowed regions (PSRs). The lack of sunlight promotes exceptionally frigid temperatures here.

This brings up another big reason why the moon’s temperature is interesting to researchers: the ambitious reactivation of crewed moon missions through NASA’s Artemis Program.

The idea is to return astronauts to the lunar surface and to develop an ongoing presence there. Rather than short visits, current concepts for Artemis missions are leaning more towards models where astronauts would spend more time on the moon than they did during the Apollo program. This would be supported by an outpost on or in-orbit around the moon. For this reason, NASA and other space agencies have been curious about where the resources to supply these longer-duration missions could come from, and one idea is to use lunar ice for fuel or even drinking water. NASA’s upcoming Volatiles Investigation Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER) mission will help the agency assess those possibilities.

Earth and moon

The Wide Angle Camera (WAC) on the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) NASA’s Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft took this image of the Earth and the moon on May 6, 2010. MESSENGER was 114 million miles (183 million kilometers) from Earth at the time, which is farther than Earth’s average distance to the sun. (Image credit: MESSENGER/NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington)

“PSRs often possess temperatures low enough to cold-trap water ice,” according to the Journal of Geophysical Research. Researchers also noted that temperatures are cold enough at the poles that water remains frozen over billions of years. Even at these long time scales the ice goes through very little sublimation, or the process by which water turns from ice into vapor without first melting.

There is still a lot left to learn about the lunar environment, and a comprehensive picture of lunar temperature will require more years of research, according to the study’s authors. That’s because LRO’s Diviner instrument “does not continuously sample all local times at all seasons, but rather obtains data from high-resolution orbit tracks that migrate around the poles.”

That said, LRO has already amassed more than a decade’s worth of data that gives researchers a strong start at grasping the peculiarities of the moon’s temperature.

Additional Resources

For the latest news about NASA’s LRO mission, visit the space agency’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter page. Also check out the Artemis Program portal on the NASA website for more information about the projects related to the endeavor.

Bibliography

“Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter: Temperature Variation on the Moon.” National Aeronautics and Space Administration, May 14 2014. https://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/lithos/LROlitho7temperaturevariation27May2014.pdf

J.P. Williams et al. “Seasonal Polar Temperatures on the Moon.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets (2019). https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019JE006028